Answer : The Sky At The Mountains Help ?
The mountain wind is a high density cold wind that blows from mountain tops towards the valleys making the nights at the valley stations quite chilly.
The Phenomenon The sky at the mountains tops is usually very clear and due to this clear atmosphere, the mountain tops cool very rapidly as the heat is radiated back to the atmosphere at a very high rate. The result is that the mountain slopes become much cooler than the surrounding air. The air in contact with the slopes becomes cooler too. As it cools, it becomes dense and heavy because density is inversely proportional to the temperature. Now if it had been a plain area, this cool dense wind would have sinked to the lower level, near the ground, till morning but as in our case it is a mountain slope, so under the action of force of gravity it slides down the mountain slopes towards the deep valley below and forces the temperature there to become quite cool. The speed of the wind depends upon the gradient of the slope and the temperature at the source area. It is normally in the range of 5-10 knots. As it falls from the mountain top towards the valley it is also called fall wind. Another name for this wind is katabatic wind.
Requirements Clear sky devoid of any clouds, little or no wind at the mountain top and low relative humidity are the prime requirements for the mountain or fall wind to set in. Clouds and rains etc. disturb this phenomenon severely.
The effect and case of Gilgit The station of Gilgit is a low valley situated at about 4500 ft. above mean sea level in the northern areas of Pakistan. It is surrounded by very high mountains with heights 15000 feet or more. The area is generally dry with very little rainfall. The sky above the mountains remains clear with very low relative humidity especially in the summer months of July and August. This makes this station an ideal case for the mountain wind to exert its effect.
In late July to early August, it so happens that Gilgit becomes intensely hot during the day-being out of sphere of monsoon, the air is dry so gets heated up quickly and by mid-afternoon, the temperatures can reach as high as 110 F. The surrounding mountains tops, however, remain 40- 50 F cooler throughout the day. During night, due to clear atmosphere on the mountains, the temperatures start falling rapidly and reach around 50 F. As described above, the air along the slopes becomes very cool and starts sliding towards the Gilgit valley and is most effective just before dawn when they can make the minimum temperature of Gilgit as low as 60 F. So the temperature of Gilgit falls from a high of 110 F to a low of 60 F -a fall of 50 F in 24 hours! This is all due to katabatic wind. This happens typically from late July to mid-August. If we observe the climate of Gilgit closely, the moment western disturbance arrives in this area with its clouds, rain and strong winds, the High of Gilgit becomes 95 F and low rises to 75 F which is a clear indication that the mountain wind effect is disturbed.
In short, mountain or katabatic wind is a cool dense wind that can dramatically change the temperature of the area it affects.
Waqar Awan has a Platinum level author. He has more than 10 years of experience of writing articles. He writes articles on Climate and Weather, Languages and other topics of General Interest. If you have any comments about his articles you can reach him at
The heroic and unselfish response to catastrophic Hurricane Harvey, which hit Texas on August 25, 2017, continues to inspire people to live in a way that shows compassion for their fellow humans. No matter what one's religion or upbringing have been, one tends to develop empathy for people who need shelter, food, and other special attention. Humans learn to live compassionately by example, especially when they observe unselfish sacrifices made by others who assist people in need. These are the valuable lessons learned from the devastating scenes amidst the storm, those calls for help that we observe both on the ground and on television. Each heroic contribution made by volunteers opens hearts and minds while developing a degree of moral support for the environmental protection groups. In short, concerned people want to make efforts to make this a better world in which to live by finding out how to safeguard their neighbors.
It was inspirational to see the Navy rescuing citizens of Houston as well as others throughout southeastern Texas. Their heroic, humanitarian efforts were so admirable as they responded adeptly to the needs of people in danger. One helicopter saved seven stranded people and then courageously took off again to look for others trapped by the flood waters. The military acted so bravely during the flood although one naturally hopes they will not have to respond to such devastation again in the future.
Neighbors, journalists, foreigners, and people of all ethnicities and religions lent a hand when spontaneously put to the test. A group of journalists risked their lives to save a senior citizen in his car when he mistakenly drove into a deep stream of water. Rather than ignoring a domestic animal in danger, a group of men saved a dog that had been about to drown in the threatening waters. Nursing homes were evacuated while other vulnerable, hospitalized people were carried out by volunteers. Such courage abounded to accomplish great rescue missions!
People in Texas worked together regardless of race, origin, or nationality during the catastrophic event. It was soothing to know that homeless people were being supplied with shelter, with clothes, and with a place to sleep. Seeing others who do good deeds to help people in need encourages viewers to consider how everyone can assist one another. Although most people are too far away to assist in many humanitarian operations, one might consider living in a way that prevents future occurrences of other catastrophic weather events.
Many do not agree that climate change exists; however, the possibility is worth serious examination so as not to put future generations in harm's way. Providing a fine and free science education for all young people and taking better care of our planet might prevent future tragedies related to climate. By considering these possibilities, we can make a positive difference, even from afar. Moreover, the time has come to re-examine our priorities. Do we really need a lot of material goods? Are we defined by our possessions? Would it be possible to utilize alternative forms of energy so as not to damage or pollute the environment? We can be heroic if we change our ways so as to protect the environment for future generations. We can be heroic if we accept others as they are and assist them in times of need, much like the first responders did in Texas.
The 25th of June 1976 was a bad day to have been travelling on London Underground's Bakerloo Line between Finchley Road and Baker Street. Not only did a signal failure cause what was usually an eight-minute journey to last for an hour and half but, as rather rotten luck would have it, it just happened to be one of the hottest days of the hottest summer for some three hundred years.
Some passengers inevitably fainted. Others sought desperately to mitigate their discomfort by stripping to their underwear. One man, shirtless and possessed of a physique that was the subject of much admiration and distraction amongst those with whom he was trapped, took the unilateral decision to propel himself Tarzan-like at the windows of the carriage, holding onto two straps suspended from the ceiling as his feet pounded away at the glass, eventually succeeding in providing some much appreciated ventilation for the benefit of his long-suffering fellow passengers.
In other parts of the United Kingdom the heatwave had a similarly profound effect on those upon whom it had been visited, even if the solutions were not always quite so drastic. Hundreds of people flocked to the Serpentine in London's Hyde Park and turned it into a veritable lido, whilst others sought similar solace from the fountain up the road in Trafalgar Square. Mothers queued with buckets at standpipes in the street as water supplies became ever more scarce, with reservoirs and even rivers running dry. The government officially appointed a minister for drought, a Member of Parliament called for an investigation into stingy ice-cream portions which were allegedly being served by exploitative vendors and a doctor memorably advised that adults should hydrate themselves with a nice pint of cool beer.
As if all this were not surreal enough, vast swarms of seven-spotted ladybirds - coccinella septempuncta to the anoraks - made their hungry way inland, all 24 billion of them if official estimates were to be believed, sustaining themselves with the sweat of humans and biting anyone who resisted.
The long, hot summer of 1976 has remained the stuff of legend ever since. We have had warmer days, but never have we experienced such a long and unrelenting heatwave as we did in that extraordinary year.
For those who are old enough to look back with fondness - whether it be the music, the big screen or any other aspect of popular culture to which we cling as we reminisce - it is that great heatwave which invariably serves as a backdrop to all our memories.
Phil Andrews is a freelance English-language content writer specialising in articles, web content and blogging. He is the author of The Best Year Of Our Lives, a historical fiction novel set in 1976 about a group of young people growing up in a restless West London suburb beside the River Thames.
These include the highland of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttrakhand. Of these, Shimla in Himachal Pradesh is the most well-known and affords the best climate of all. It has neither the summer nor the winter extremes. The midday thermometer in the hottest month does not, as a rule, crosses 80 F and the nights are a pleasant 60 F. The winters are also quite mild for its elevation and the coldest month records 40 F though snow falls from December to February.
The rainfall is plentiful; especially in the monsoon season when as much as 20 inches can fall in a single month. The western disturbance is responsible for the winter rainfall with no month recording less than 2 inches of precipitation.
The Highlands Of The North East These include Shillong, Cherrapunji and Darjeeling. Out of these, Darjeeling has the best climate of all. It has moderate summers and cool to cold winters. Rainfall is sufficient to support its world famous tea plantation. The amazing thing about Darjeeling is that, although it is located in a very heavy rainfall area, the rain here is much more tolerable than that of Cherrapunji where for weeks or months together exceptionally heavy rain renders any tourists activity almost impossible.
The Highlands Of the South These include those located in the Western Ghats of which Mahabaleshwar is a prominent example and other located in extreme south in the Nilgiri hills of which Oooty is the best example. Oooty is world famous for its constantly cool average temperature of about 60-65 F in each month and a delightful and refreshing air. The rainfall is plentiful to support its thick forests. It was one of the most favorite I hills stations of the British during the colonial era.
In short, the climate of the highlands of India is well known for its cool temperatures and plentiful precipitation throughout the year. This is a wide contrast to the burning heat of the Northern plains of India during the pre-monsoon months and a lot of people flock to these places every tear to enjoy the cool weather.
Waqar Awan is a Platinum level writer. His hobbies include reading books and writing articles about Climate and Weather, History, Geography, Religion, Self Help, Self Improvement, Vocabulary skills and other topics of general interest. Waqar Awan has more than 10 years of experience writing articles and many of his articles have also been published in various journals internationally. If you have any comments about his articles you can anytime contact him
The Equatorial climate is characterized by uniformly high temperatures throughout the year, heavy rainfall and high relative humidity. The height of the stations located in this climate zones, alters the climate dramatically and consequently a cool and pleasant weather is observed at these hill stations throughout the year. We will quote a few examples in the following paragraphs to explain our point of view.
Kuala Lumpur (KL) in Malaysia has a hot and humid climate throughout the year. In fact it has got the typical climate of the three 80s. It means 80 F average temperature throughout the year, 80 percent relative humidity and 80 inch total annual rainfall. Now the high temperature combined with high relative humidity at KL keeps the heat index unbearable. To escape this heat people go to the nearby Genting highlands situated about 6000 ft. above seas level and only an hour's drive from KL.
We know that temperature decreases with height at an approximate rate of 3 F for every 1000 feet. So that the temperature at Genting remains about 20 F lower than that of KL i.e., 60 F throughout the year, making the weather there very pleasant.
Same is the case of Quito in Ecuador; a city that lies almost directly on the equator. While the temperatures on the forested equatorial plains below Quito remain 80-85 F throughout the year and the high relative humidity makes things worse. Quito, however, enjoys an average temperature of 55 F in every month of the year; given its height of about 10000 feet above sea level. No doubt, then, that Quito is called the land of Perpetual spring by the meteorologists throughout the world.
The case of Oooty in the Southern Nilgiri Hills of India and the station of Nuwera Eiliya in Srilanka is similar. As both of these stations are located well above 7000 feet, the average temperature remains 60 -65 F throughout the year, making these stations the best places to live in their respective countries. By the way both these locations were favorite of the British during the Colonial era.
It follows, then, from above that the height of the highlands situated in the equatorial belt, alters the climate so dramatically that it changes it from hot and humid to a cool and pleasant climate. Indeed few places in the world can boost of a better climate than these hill stations.
Waqar Awan has a Platinum level author. He has more than 10 years of experience of writing articles. He writes articles on Climate and Weather, Languages and other topics of General Interest. If you have any comments about his articles you can reach him at
The Phenomenon The sky at the mountains tops is usually very clear and due to this clear atmosphere, the mountain tops cool very rapidly as the heat is radiated back to the atmosphere at a very high rate. The result is that the mountain slopes become much cooler than the surrounding air. The air in contact with the slopes becomes cooler too. As it cools, it becomes dense and heavy because density is inversely proportional to the temperature. Now if it had been a plain area, this cool dense wind would have sinked to the lower level, near the ground, till morning but as in our case it is a mountain slope, so under the action of force of gravity it slides down the mountain slopes towards the deep valley below and forces the temperature there to become quite cool. The speed of the wind depends upon the gradient of the slope and the temperature at the source area. It is normally in the range of 5-10 knots. As it falls from the mountain top towards the valley it is also called fall wind. Another name for this wind is katabatic wind.
Requirements Clear sky devoid of any clouds, little or no wind at the mountain top and low relative humidity are the prime requirements for the mountain or fall wind to set in. Clouds and rains etc. disturb this phenomenon severely.
The effect and case of Gilgit The station of Gilgit is a low valley situated at about 4500 ft. above mean sea level in the northern areas of Pakistan. It is surrounded by very high mountains with heights 15000 feet or more. The area is generally dry with very little rainfall. The sky above the mountains remains clear with very low relative humidity especially in the summer months of July and August. This makes this station an ideal case for the mountain wind to exert its effect.
In late July to early August, it so happens that Gilgit becomes intensely hot during the day-being out of sphere of monsoon, the air is dry so gets heated up quickly and by mid-afternoon, the temperatures can reach as high as 110 F. The surrounding mountains tops, however, remain 40- 50 F cooler throughout the day. During night, due to clear atmosphere on the mountains, the temperatures start falling rapidly and reach around 50 F. As described above, the air along the slopes becomes very cool and starts sliding towards the Gilgit valley and is most effective just before dawn when they can make the minimum temperature of Gilgit as low as 60 F. So the temperature of Gilgit falls from a high of 110 F to a low of 60 F -a fall of 50 F in 24 hours! This is all due to katabatic wind. This happens typically from late July to mid-August. If we observe the climate of Gilgit closely, the moment western disturbance arrives in this area with its clouds, rain and strong winds, the High of Gilgit becomes 95 F and low rises to 75 F which is a clear indication that the mountain wind effect is disturbed.
In short, mountain or katabatic wind is a cool dense wind that can dramatically change the temperature of the area it affects.
Waqar Awan has a Platinum level author. He has more than 10 years of experience of writing articles. He writes articles on Climate and Weather, Languages and other topics of General Interest. If you have any comments about his articles you can reach him at
The heroic and unselfish response to catastrophic Hurricane Harvey, which hit Texas on August 25, 2017, continues to inspire people to live in a way that shows compassion for their fellow humans. No matter what one's religion or upbringing have been, one tends to develop empathy for people who need shelter, food, and other special attention. Humans learn to live compassionately by example, especially when they observe unselfish sacrifices made by others who assist people in need. These are the valuable lessons learned from the devastating scenes amidst the storm, those calls for help that we observe both on the ground and on television. Each heroic contribution made by volunteers opens hearts and minds while developing a degree of moral support for the environmental protection groups. In short, concerned people want to make efforts to make this a better world in which to live by finding out how to safeguard their neighbors.
It was inspirational to see the Navy rescuing citizens of Houston as well as others throughout southeastern Texas. Their heroic, humanitarian efforts were so admirable as they responded adeptly to the needs of people in danger. One helicopter saved seven stranded people and then courageously took off again to look for others trapped by the flood waters. The military acted so bravely during the flood although one naturally hopes they will not have to respond to such devastation again in the future.
Neighbors, journalists, foreigners, and people of all ethnicities and religions lent a hand when spontaneously put to the test. A group of journalists risked their lives to save a senior citizen in his car when he mistakenly drove into a deep stream of water. Rather than ignoring a domestic animal in danger, a group of men saved a dog that had been about to drown in the threatening waters. Nursing homes were evacuated while other vulnerable, hospitalized people were carried out by volunteers. Such courage abounded to accomplish great rescue missions!
People in Texas worked together regardless of race, origin, or nationality during the catastrophic event. It was soothing to know that homeless people were being supplied with shelter, with clothes, and with a place to sleep. Seeing others who do good deeds to help people in need encourages viewers to consider how everyone can assist one another. Although most people are too far away to assist in many humanitarian operations, one might consider living in a way that prevents future occurrences of other catastrophic weather events.
Many do not agree that climate change exists; however, the possibility is worth serious examination so as not to put future generations in harm's way. Providing a fine and free science education for all young people and taking better care of our planet might prevent future tragedies related to climate. By considering these possibilities, we can make a positive difference, even from afar. Moreover, the time has come to re-examine our priorities. Do we really need a lot of material goods? Are we defined by our possessions? Would it be possible to utilize alternative forms of energy so as not to damage or pollute the environment? We can be heroic if we change our ways so as to protect the environment for future generations. We can be heroic if we accept others as they are and assist them in times of need, much like the first responders did in Texas.
The 25th of June 1976 was a bad day to have been travelling on London Underground's Bakerloo Line between Finchley Road and Baker Street. Not only did a signal failure cause what was usually an eight-minute journey to last for an hour and half but, as rather rotten luck would have it, it just happened to be one of the hottest days of the hottest summer for some three hundred years.
Some passengers inevitably fainted. Others sought desperately to mitigate their discomfort by stripping to their underwear. One man, shirtless and possessed of a physique that was the subject of much admiration and distraction amongst those with whom he was trapped, took the unilateral decision to propel himself Tarzan-like at the windows of the carriage, holding onto two straps suspended from the ceiling as his feet pounded away at the glass, eventually succeeding in providing some much appreciated ventilation for the benefit of his long-suffering fellow passengers.
In other parts of the United Kingdom the heatwave had a similarly profound effect on those upon whom it had been visited, even if the solutions were not always quite so drastic. Hundreds of people flocked to the Serpentine in London's Hyde Park and turned it into a veritable lido, whilst others sought similar solace from the fountain up the road in Trafalgar Square. Mothers queued with buckets at standpipes in the street as water supplies became ever more scarce, with reservoirs and even rivers running dry. The government officially appointed a minister for drought, a Member of Parliament called for an investigation into stingy ice-cream portions which were allegedly being served by exploitative vendors and a doctor memorably advised that adults should hydrate themselves with a nice pint of cool beer.
As if all this were not surreal enough, vast swarms of seven-spotted ladybirds - coccinella septempuncta to the anoraks - made their hungry way inland, all 24 billion of them if official estimates were to be believed, sustaining themselves with the sweat of humans and biting anyone who resisted.
The long, hot summer of 1976 has remained the stuff of legend ever since. We have had warmer days, but never have we experienced such a long and unrelenting heatwave as we did in that extraordinary year.
For those who are old enough to look back with fondness - whether it be the music, the big screen or any other aspect of popular culture to which we cling as we reminisce - it is that great heatwave which invariably serves as a backdrop to all our memories.
Phil Andrews is a freelance English-language content writer specialising in articles, web content and blogging. He is the author of The Best Year Of Our Lives, a historical fiction novel set in 1976 about a group of young people growing up in a restless West London suburb beside the River Thames.
These include the highland of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttrakhand. Of these, Shimla in Himachal Pradesh is the most well-known and affords the best climate of all. It has neither the summer nor the winter extremes. The midday thermometer in the hottest month does not, as a rule, crosses 80 F and the nights are a pleasant 60 F. The winters are also quite mild for its elevation and the coldest month records 40 F though snow falls from December to February.
The rainfall is plentiful; especially in the monsoon season when as much as 20 inches can fall in a single month. The western disturbance is responsible for the winter rainfall with no month recording less than 2 inches of precipitation.
The Highlands Of The North East These include Shillong, Cherrapunji and Darjeeling. Out of these, Darjeeling has the best climate of all. It has moderate summers and cool to cold winters. Rainfall is sufficient to support its world famous tea plantation. The amazing thing about Darjeeling is that, although it is located in a very heavy rainfall area, the rain here is much more tolerable than that of Cherrapunji where for weeks or months together exceptionally heavy rain renders any tourists activity almost impossible.
The Highlands Of the South These include those located in the Western Ghats of which Mahabaleshwar is a prominent example and other located in extreme south in the Nilgiri hills of which Oooty is the best example. Oooty is world famous for its constantly cool average temperature of about 60-65 F in each month and a delightful and refreshing air. The rainfall is plentiful to support its thick forests. It was one of the most favorite I hills stations of the British during the colonial era.
In short, the climate of the highlands of India is well known for its cool temperatures and plentiful precipitation throughout the year. This is a wide contrast to the burning heat of the Northern plains of India during the pre-monsoon months and a lot of people flock to these places every tear to enjoy the cool weather.
Waqar Awan is a Platinum level writer. His hobbies include reading books and writing articles about Climate and Weather, History, Geography, Religion, Self Help, Self Improvement, Vocabulary skills and other topics of general interest. Waqar Awan has more than 10 years of experience writing articles and many of his articles have also been published in various journals internationally. If you have any comments about his articles you can anytime contact him
The Equatorial climate is characterized by uniformly high temperatures throughout the year, heavy rainfall and high relative humidity. The height of the stations located in this climate zones, alters the climate dramatically and consequently a cool and pleasant weather is observed at these hill stations throughout the year. We will quote a few examples in the following paragraphs to explain our point of view.
Kuala Lumpur (KL) in Malaysia has a hot and humid climate throughout the year. In fact it has got the typical climate of the three 80s. It means 80 F average temperature throughout the year, 80 percent relative humidity and 80 inch total annual rainfall. Now the high temperature combined with high relative humidity at KL keeps the heat index unbearable. To escape this heat people go to the nearby Genting highlands situated about 6000 ft. above seas level and only an hour's drive from KL.
We know that temperature decreases with height at an approximate rate of 3 F for every 1000 feet. So that the temperature at Genting remains about 20 F lower than that of KL i.e., 60 F throughout the year, making the weather there very pleasant.
Same is the case of Quito in Ecuador; a city that lies almost directly on the equator. While the temperatures on the forested equatorial plains below Quito remain 80-85 F throughout the year and the high relative humidity makes things worse. Quito, however, enjoys an average temperature of 55 F in every month of the year; given its height of about 10000 feet above sea level. No doubt, then, that Quito is called the land of Perpetual spring by the meteorologists throughout the world.
The case of Oooty in the Southern Nilgiri Hills of India and the station of Nuwera Eiliya in Srilanka is similar. As both of these stations are located well above 7000 feet, the average temperature remains 60 -65 F throughout the year, making these stations the best places to live in their respective countries. By the way both these locations were favorite of the British during the Colonial era.
It follows, then, from above that the height of the highlands situated in the equatorial belt, alters the climate so dramatically that it changes it from hot and humid to a cool and pleasant climate. Indeed few places in the world can boost of a better climate than these hill stations.
Waqar Awan has a Platinum level author. He has more than 10 years of experience of writing articles. He writes articles on Climate and Weather, Languages and other topics of General Interest. If you have any comments about his articles you can reach him at
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